最后，报纸业的飞跃推动了新闻媒体的产业化。工业革命后，随着商品经济的发展，报纸的商品属性日渐突出，报业也由小生产的经营方式逐渐过渡到企业化管理，并日益成为一种有利可图且利润丰厚的资本主义行业。19世纪末，随着自由资本主义向垄断资本主义的过渡，报业资本迅速集中，出现了报业垄断组织“报团”，由此形成了媒介产业化的格局。到了20世纪末，这些报业集团更是滚动发展成为财力雄厚，多角延伸，跨国经营的媒介产业集团。例如，全球最大的传媒公司时代华纳公司在报刊、图书出版、音乐、电影和有线电视等领域全面出击，具有强大的生命力。
In Ancient Rome， Acta Diurna， or government announcement bulletins， were produced. They were carved in metal or stone and posted in public places.
In China， early government-produced news sheets， called Tipao， circulated among court officials during the late Han dynasty (second and third centuries AD). Between 713 and 734， the Kaiyuan Za Bao (“Bulletin of the Court”) of the Chinese Tang Dynasty published government news； it was handwritten on silk and read by government officials. In 1582， there was the first reference to privately published newssheets in Beijing during the late Ming Dynasty.
In Early modern Europe the increased cross-border interaction created a rising need for information which was met by concise handwritten newssheets， called avvisi. In 1556， the government of Venice first published the monthly Notizie scritte， which cost one gazetta， a small coin. These avvisi were handwritten newsletters and used to convey political， military and economic news quickly and efficiently to Italian cities (1500–1700) - sharing some characteristics of newspapers though usually not considered true newspapers.
However， none of these publications fully met the classical criteria for proper newspapers， as they were typically not intended for the general public and restricted to a certain range of topics.
粤剧瑰宝
Cantonese Opera
Introduction 简介
Cantonese opera， originating from Southern Opera， is originally named as full-scale drama. It is one of the major categories in Chinese opera， which emerged in the middle of Ming dynasty. It is popular in Guangdong， Guangxi， Hong Kong， Macau， Singapore and Malaysia， as well as other overseas Chinese communities. Like all versions of Chinese opera， it is a traditional Chinese art form， involving music， singing， martial arts， acrobatics and acting.
粤剧源自南戏，原称大戏或广东大戏。相传粤剧起源于明代嘉靖年间，是中国传统经典剧目之一。具有独特艺术魅力的粤剧现广泛流行于广东、广西、港澳及全球以粤语为主的其他华人社区。粤剧在融合中国其他戏曲“唱做念打”的表演工艺之外，还深深地融入了岭南文化特色。
Characteristics 特点
Cantonese opera shares many common characteristics with other Chinese theatre genres. Music， singing， martial arts， acrobatics and acting are all featured in Cantonese opera. Most of the plots are based on Chinese history and famous Chinese classics and myths. Also， the culture and philosophies of the Chinese people can be seen in the plays. Virtues， such as loyalty， love， patriotism and faithfulness are often reflected in the operas.
粤剧与中国其他戏剧流派有一些共同之处，是糅合唱做念打、乐师配乐、戏台服饰、抽象形体等等的表演艺术。大多粤剧曲目都是基于中国历史、古典文学和神话改编而成。粤剧中同样蕴含着中国人民深厚的人文精神，忠贞爱国、善良淳朴的美德都在粤剧中体现的淋漓尽致。
Makeup 化妆
Applying makeup for Cantonese opera is a long and specialized process. One of the most common styles is the “white and red face”： an application of white foundation and a red color around the eyes that fades down to the bottom of cheeks. The eyebrows are black and sometimes elongated. Usually， female characters have thinner eyebrows than males. There is black makeup around the eyes with a shape similar to the eyes of a Chinese phoenix. Lipstick is usually bright red. Actors are given temporary facelifts by holding the skin up with a ribbon on the back of the head. This lifts the corners of the eyes， producing an authoritative look.
粤剧中，给角色化妆可是个慢功细活。最常见的化妆就是“红白脸”，先把整个脸涂上白色粉底，然后围绕着眼睛及额骨涂抹红色胭脂。演员通常会画长而黑的眉毛，而女角的眉毛通常要比男角的细。吊眉和勒头是粤剧化妆中必不可少的环节，一般先拉起脸部皮肤，再用布条扎紧头发。眼部的形状与中国传统凤眼相似，眼角上吊可以产生威严感。这些妆容配上鲜亮的红唇都可以让观众更好的欣赏演员的表情。
Each role has its own style of make-up： the clown has a large white spot in the middle of his face， for example. A sick character has a thin red line pointing upwards in between his eyebrows. Aggressive and frustrated character roles often have an arrow shape fading into the forehead in between the eyebrows. Strong male characters wear “open face” makeup. Each character’s makeup has its own distinct characteristics with symbolic patterns and coloration.
粤剧中每类行当都有自己独特的妆容：丑角常在脸中央画个大白点；反派角色通常在双眉之间画一条向上的细红线；好斗的及沮丧的角色通常在双眉间的额头部位画有箭状图案。高大威猛的男角通常先用白色颜料描画底稿，在眼睛及口部附近涂上黑色，把眉毛画得长长并向上翘来表现威严，然后在其他地方涂上红色胭脂，行内将这一过程称为“开面”。粤剧中每类行当的妆容都各有不同，都有自己象征性的颜色和图案。
Costumes 戏服
Costumes correspond to the theme of the play and indicate the character of each role. Each type of play is associated with particular costumes. The water sleeves of man plays can be attached to the waist or the sides of the breast areas. Costumes can be single or double breasted.
粤剧中，不同的行当需要需要不同的戏服。每种类型角色的塑造都与独特的戏服息息相关。例如：小生通常饰演文质彬彬的角色，有时候甩袖，所以长袖称呼为文袖。小武需要打斗，短袖才方便演员动作，所以短袖亦称呼为武袖。戏服既可以是单排扣，亦可以是双排扣。
Costumes also indicate the status of the character. Lower-status characters， such as females， wear less elaborate dresses， while those of higher rank have more decorative costumes.
除上所述，戏服还可以体现出角色的身份地位。例如，地位较低的传统女性角色通常穿着较为简朴的戏服，而地位较高的角色通常穿卓华丽高贵的服饰。
Speech types 说白
Commentators draw an essential distinction between sung and spoken text， although the boundary is a troublesome one. Speech-types are of a wide variety： one is nearly identical to standard conversational Cantonese， while another is a very smooth and refined delivery of a passage of poetry； some have one form or another of instrumental accompaniment while others have none； and some serve fairly specific functions， while others are more widely adaptable to variety of dramatic needs.
粤剧中除了演唱还包括说白形式，二者之间有着明确复杂的界限。说白是指演员把台词念出来，既包括独白又包括对白。说白又可分为押韵和不押韵两种：押韵的包括诗白、口古、白榄及韵白。不押韵的有口白、锣鼓白、引子白及浪里白。引子白，又称打引，是演员出场时候所说的话，说完便拉腔演唱。
Vocabulary 轻松学单词
martial [mɑ：l] adj. 战争的，武术的
Chinese traditional martial art is extensive and profound.
中华传统武术博大精深。
acrobatics [krbtks] n. 杂技
